Diagnosis Method Of Alcoholic Or Non-Alcoholic Steato-Hepatitis Using Biochemical Markers

ABSTRACT

The present invention is drawn to a new diagnosis method for detecting the extent of alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in a patient, in particular in a patient suffering from a disease involving alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis or who already had a positive diagnosis test of liver fibrosis and/or presence of liver necroinfiammatory lesions, by using the serum concentration of easily detectable biological markers. The invention is also drawn to diagnosis kits for the implementation of the method.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is drawn to a new diagnosis method for detectingthe extent of alcoholic steato-hepatitis (ASH) or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis (NASH) in a patient, in particular in a patientsuffering from a disease involving alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis or who already had a positive diagnosis test of liverfibrosis and/or presence of liver necroinflammatory lesions, by usingthe serum concentration of easily detectable biological markers. Theinvention is also drawn to diagnosis kits for the implementation of themethod.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chronic alcoholic liver disease affects millions of individualsworldwide and is a major cause of liver transplantation and death.Although the majority will not develop complications, 15-40% may developserious liver sequelae, including end-stage liver disease andhepatocellular carcinoma. Those at the highest risk include patientswith cirrhosis and alcoholic steato-hepatitis (Mathurin P, et al. JHepatol. 2002;36:480-7).

Alcoholic steato-hepatitis (ASH) is a necrotizing inflammatory lesionthat in its severe form (severe ASH) is associated with high mortalitydespite corticosteroids treatment (Mathurin P, et al. Gastroenterology.1996;110:1847-53; Mathurin P, et al. J Hepatol. 2002;36:480-7).

Non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH) is a necrotizing inflammatorylesion that in its severe form is associated with serious liversequelae, including end stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma(Angulo P. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002 Apr 18;346(16):1221-31). NASH is thesevere form of liver steatosis associated with diabetes, overweight,hyperlipemia, arterial hypertension and hyperuricemia (Angulo P. N.Engl. J. Med. 2002 Apr 18;346(16):1221-31).

Current guidelines for the diagnosis of ASH or NASH recommend to use theAST/ALT ratio in non-severe patients (Angulo P. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002Apr 18;346(16):1221-31; Maher J J. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2002;13:31-9)and the liver biopsy in severe patients with the Maddrey discriminantfunction above 32 (Levitsky J, Mailliard M E. Semin Liver Dis.2004;24:233-47; Mathurin P, et al. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:1847-53;Mathurin P, et al. J Hepatol. 2002;36:480-7). As liver biopsy is stillan invasive and costly procedure, with a potential sampling error, itcould be advantageous to have a fast and easy to perform test that wouldgive a good predictive value of the level of ASH or NASH in the patient.

Several studies have observed that some serum biomarkers of fibrosis hadbetter diagnostic values than the standard serum markers of necrosis astransaminases or ActiTest (Naveau S, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.2005; 3(2); Castera L, et al. J Hepatol. 2000;32:412-8; Annoni G, et al.Hepatology. 1989;9:693-7; Nojgaard C, et al. J Hepatol. 2003;39:179-86;Chossegros P. 1995;22(2 Suppl):96-9), but none of these studies hasreally identified an accurate combination of markers of ASH.

For the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and/or presence of livernecroinflammatory lesions, non-invasive FibroTest (FT) (Biopredictive,Paris France, U.S. Pat. No. 6,631,330) has been validated as surrogatemarker in chronic hepatitis C (Poynard T, et al. Comp Hepatol. 2004;3:8)and B (Myers R P, et al. J Hepatol. 2003;39:222-30) and recently inalcoholic liver disease (Callewaert N, et al. Nature Med 2004;10;1-6;Naveau S, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3(2)).

However, no such diagnosis test is currently available for the moreprecise diagnosis of ASH or NASH. There is therefore a need to develop adiagnosis method that would give a good predictive value of the presenceor the absence of ASH or NASH in a patient, and that would be reliableenough to reduce the need of liver biopsy. This method would beparticularly advantageous for a patient suffering from a diseaseinvolving alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis, for instance withheavy alcohol consumption, or who already had a positive diagnostic testof liver fibrosis or necroinflammatory lesions, to adapt the treatmentto his precise disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method of diagnosis that assessesprospectively the predictive value of a combination of simple serumbiochemical markers for the diagnosis of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis, in particular in the liver of a patient suffering froma disease involving alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis, forinstance with heavy alcohol consumption, or who already had a positivediagnosis test of liver fibrosis and/or presence of livernecroinflammatory lesions. With the reach of high positive predictivevalues (prediction of significant alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis) or negative predictive values, the number of biopsyindications could be reduced. This could be useful for patients andsociety in order to reduce the cost and the risk of liver biopsies.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1: Flow chart of patients analyzed and included in the training andvalidation groups.

FIG. 2: Polymorphonuclear infiltration and serum ApoA1. Box plotsshowing the relationship between polymorphonuclear infiltration and theserum concentration of Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1, g/L)

FIG. 3: Box plots showing the relationship between ASH-NASH score,Maddrey discriminant function and AST/ALT ratio and the grade ofalcoholic hepatitis.

The horizontal line inside each box represents the median and the widthof each box the median ±1.57 interquartile range/√{square root over (n)}to assess the 95% level of significance between group medians. Failureof the shaded boxes to overlap signifies statistical significance(P<0.05). The horizontal lines above and below each box encompass theinterquartile range (from 25^(th) to 75^(th) percentile), and thevertical lines from the ends of the box encompass the adjacent values(upper: 75^(th) percentile plus 1.5 times interquartile range, lower 25^(th) percentile minus 1.5 times interquartile range).

FIG. 3 a: in Training Group.

FIG. 3 b: in Validation Group 1.

FIG. 3 c: in Validation Group 2.

FIG. 4: Box plots of ASH-NASH score, Maddrey and AST/ALT ratio accordingto the score of each elementary feature of alcoholic hepatitis(Necrosis, Polymorphonuclear infiltrate, Mallory bodies, Clarification).

FIG. 4 a: in Training Group.

FIG. 4 b: in Validation Group 1.

FIG. 4 c: in Validation Group 2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is therefore drawn to a method for diagnosis ofalcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in a patient or from a serumor plasma sample of a patient, comprising the steps of:

a) studying 3 biochemical markers by measuring the values of theirconcentration in the serum or plasma of said patient, wherein saidmarkers are

-   -   ApoA1 (apolipoprotein A1),    -   ALT (alanine aminotransferase),    -   AST (aspartate aminotransferase).

b) combining said values through a logistic function including saidmarkers in order to obtain an end value, wherein said logistic functionis obtained through the following method:

i) classification of a cohort of patients in different groups accordingto the extent of their disease;

ii) identification of factors which differ significantly between thesegroups by unidimensional analysis;

iii) logistic regression analysis to assess the independentdiscriminative value of markers for the diagnosis of alcoholic ornon-alcoholic steato-hepatitis;

iv) construction of the logistic function by combination of theseidentified independent factors; and

c) analyzing said end value of said logistic function in order todetermine the presence or absence of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis in said patient.

By definition the best index (“ASH-NASH score”) in term ofdiscrimination was the logistic regression function combining theindependent factors.

The logistic function is obtained by combining the relative weight ofeach parameter, as individually determined in the logistic regression,with a negative sign when the markers harbor a negative correlation withthe stage of alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis. Logarithms areused for markers whose values have a very large range.

The quality of the logistic function is analyzed with the aid of aReceiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve that is obtaineddepending on the threshold desired for the diagnosis. The way ofobtaining the ROC curve is described in the examples. In the presentinvention, the classification of the patients was done according to thedifferent grades of alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (none,mild, moderate, or severe), but it could be changed if diagnosis ofpatient only with a moderate or severe grade was intended. This wouldlead to another ROC curve.

The diagnosis of the presence or absence of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis in the patient can be further refined by the dataconcerning the expected prevalence of alcoholic steato-hepatitis in thepopulation.

The logistic function may further comprise the age and gender of thepatient. The logistic function may also comprise other biochemicalmarkers, such as alpha.2-macroglobulin, GGT (gammaglutamyltranspeptidase), total bilirubin, and haptoglobin. Preferably, thelogistic function will comprise at least 1, more preferably 2 or 3, mostpreferably all of these other biochemical markers.

The biochemical markers that are dosed in step a) of the methodaccording to the present invention are “simple” biochemical markers,which means that they are easily dosed with methods already known in theart (chromatography, electrophoresis, ELISA assay . . . ).

The different coefficients used for the values obtained for thedifferent markers in the logistic function can be calculated throughstatistical analysis, as described in the examples.

In particular, a suitable logistic function that can be used for theimplementation of the method of the invention is as follows:

Using 7 markers, and age and gender:

f=a1−a2.[Age(years)]+a3.[ApoA1 (g/L)]−a4.Log[.alpha.2-macroglobulin(g/L)]+a5.Log[ALT (alanine aminotransferase)(IU/L)]−a6.Log[AST(aspartate aminotransferase)(IU/L)]+a7.Log[total bilirubin(μmol/l)]−a8.Log[GGT (gammaglutamyltranspeptidase)(IU/L)]−a9.Log[Haptoglobin (g/L)]+a10.[Gender (female=0,male=1)], with

-   a1 comprised in the interval of [1.38435−x%; 1.38435+x%],-   a2 comprised in the interval of [2.39829E−02−x% ; 2.39829E−02+x%],-   a3 comprised in the interval of [4.07571−x% ; 4.07571+x%],-   a4 comprised in the interval of [1.08306−x%; 1.08306+x%],-   a5 comprised in the interval of [3.97299−x% ; 3.97299+x%],-   a6 comprised in the interval of [4.51309−x% ; 4.51309+x%],-   a7 comprised in the interval of [0.24014−x% ; 0.24014+x%],-   a8 comprised in the interval of [0.85462−x% ; 0.85462+x%],-   a9 comprised in the interval of [0.44638−x%; 0.44638+x%], and-   a10 comprised in the interval of [0.86471−x% ; 0.86471+x%].

An “interval of [a−x% ; a+x%]” means an interval of [(100−x)/100.a ;(100+x)/100.a]. Preferably, x is at most 90, 80 or 70, more preferablyat most 60, 50, or 40, even more preferably at most 30, 20, 10 or 5. Alla_(i) coefficients are truncated to a number of 5 decimals. Forinstance, for x equal to 90 , a10 is comprised in the interval of[0.08647; 1.64294].

Indeed, the numerical definitions for the coefficients in the differentfunctions can vary depending on the number and characteristics ofpatients studied. Therefore, the value given for the coefficients of thedifferent markers have to be interpreted as capable to being slightlydifferent, without reducing the scope of the invention.

A specific usable function, when x is equal to zero, is:

f=1.38435−2.39829E-02.[Age (years)]+4.07571.[ApoA1(g/L)]−1.08306.Log[.alpha.2-macroglobulin (g/L)]+3.97299.Log[ALT(alanine aminotransferase) (IU/L )]−4.51309.Log[AST (aspartateaminotransferase) (IU/L )]+0.24014.Log[Total bilirubin(μmol/l)]−0.85462.Log[GGT (gammaglutamyl transpeptidase)(IU/L)]−0.446383.Log[Haptoglobin (g/L)]+0.86471.[Gender (female=0,male=1)].

Depending on the end value obtained by the analysis of biologicalmarkers values with the logistic function, it is possible to drawconclusions about the presence or absence of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis for the patient. It is also possible to conclude aboutthe grade of alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis, by taking saidgrade as the threshold in the drawing of the ROC curve.

In certain embodiments, the invention thus concerns a method aspreviously described, wherein the end value of the logistic function isfurther used for the diagnosis of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis grade. The different grades of alcoholic ornon-alcoholic steato-hepatitis are defined according to histologicalfeatures of liver biopsies.

ASH grades scoring system combines several histological alcoholicfeatures: necrosis, polymorphonuclear infiltrate, Mallory bodies andclarification. Each feature is scored from 0 to 2 with a total scoreranging from 0 to 8 with a four grades scoring system (Mathurin P, etal. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:1847-53; Bedossa P, et al. Alcohol ClinExp Res. 1988;12:173-8):

-   Grade 0: score=0, no ASH,-   Grade 1: score=1-2, mild,-   Grade 2: score=3-4, moderate,-   Grade 3: score=5-8, severe.

The NASH grades are similar to those of ASH with 4 grades scoring systemadapted from the Brunt score (Angulo P. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002 Apr18;346(16):1221-31):

-   Grade 0 no NASH;-   Grade 1, mild: mild Steatosis: predominantly macrovesicular,    involves up to 66% of lobules, Ballooning: occasionally observed;    zone 3 hepatocytes, Lobular inflammation: scattered and mild acute    inflammation (polymorphonuclear cells) and occasional chronic    inflammation (mononuclear cells), Portal inflammation: none or mild;-   Grade 2, moderate: Steatosis: any degree; usually mixed    macrovesicular and microvesicular, Ballooning: obvious and present    in zone 3, Lobular inflammation: polymorphonuclear cells may be    noted in association with ballooned hepatocytes; pericellular    fibrosis; mild chronic inflammation may be seen, Portal    inflammation: mild to moderate;-   Grade 3, severe Steatosis: typically involves >66% of lobules    (panacinar); commonly mixed steatosis, Ballooning: predominantly    zone 3; marked Lobular inflammation: scattered acute and chronic    inflammation; polymorphonuclear cells may be concentrated in zone 3    areas of ballooning and perisinusoidal fibrosis; Portal    inflammation: mild to moderate.

The method according to the invention may further comprise a step ofprediction of the evolution of the disease, based on the alcoholic ornon-alcoholic steato-hepatitis grade deducted from the end value of thelogistic function.

According to the invention, the alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis grade deducted from the end value of the logisticfunction can also be very valuable for the physician to choose asuitable treatment for the patient, according to the stage of thedisease.

Also, said alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis grade may be usedby the physician to decide whether to perform a liver biopsy on thepatient or not. In particular, an ASH score at the 0.50 cut off has 72%sensitivity and 84% specificity. Furthermore as already demonstrated forFibrotest (Poynard 2004 Clin Chem 2004) many of the discordances betweenASH-Test and biopsy were due to error of the biopsy (small sample size).

Depending on the prevalence of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis in the population of patients that are consulting, thedata obtained with the method of the invention can be used to determinethe need to perform a liver biopsy on the patient. It is expected thatthe method of the invention will reduce the need of liver biopsy by morethan 80%.

The method of the invention is intended to be used for patientssuffering of any disease involving alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis that could develop to cirrhosis. By a “diseaseinvolving alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis” is meant anydisease that may lead to the development of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis. In particular, the method of the invention isadvantageously performed for detecting alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis in patients suffering from a disease included in thegroup consisting of hepatitis B and C, alcoholism, hemochromatosis,metabolic disease, diabetes, obesity, autoimmune hepatitis, primarybiliary cirrhosis, alpha.1-antitrypsin deficit, Wilson disease.

The method of the invention is particularly intended to be used for apatient who was already subjected to a diagnosis test of liver fibrosisand/or presence of liver necroinflammatory lesions.

More preferably, the method of the invention is intended to be used fora patient who was already subjected to a FibroTest/Acti-Test diagnostictest, as described in patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,631,330, which is hereinincorporated by reference.

The invention is also drawn to a kit of diagnosis of alcoholic or nonalcoholic steato-hepatitis in a patient, comprising instructionsallowing to determine the presence or absence of alcoholic ornon-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in said patient, after dosage ofbiochemical markers.

The instructions may comprise the logistic function that has to be usedafter determination of the dosage of the biochemical markers. It canappear as a printed support as well as a computer usable support, suchas a software. The instructions may also comprise the ROC curvedepending on the threshold that is looked for, to allow the analysis ofthe end data obtained from the logistic function. They may also comprisedifferent tables that allow to obtain the predictive values, dependingon the expected prevalence of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis in the patient population.

The diagnosis kit according to the present invention may also containelements allowing the dosage of the biological markers of interest.

Said diagnosis kit may also contain instructions for the quantificationof alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis different grades (none,mild, moderate, or severe), and other intermediate grades.

The method of the invention can easily be automated, the dosage of themarkers being performed automatically, the data being sent to a computeror a calculator that will calculate the value of the logistic functionand analyze it with the aid of the ROC curve, and eventually theprevalence of alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in the patientpopulation. The data obtained by the physician is therefore more easilyinterpretable, and will allow for an improvement in the process fordeciding the need of a biopsy or the adequate treatment to prescribe.

The following examples are meant to describe an aspect of invention, andgive the methodology in order to repeat the method of the invention, butshall not be limiting the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Patients and Methods

1.1. Patients

Patients with heavy alcohol consumption, available serum and aconsistent liver biopsy were included (FIG. 1). The criteria ofinclusion was that all included patients had a self-reported dailyalcohol consumption equivalent to at least 50 gm of pure ethanol duringthe preceding year, with a mean of 146 (se=80) gm per day for 17 years.The patient's families were also interviewed, when possible. Allpatients gave informed consent for the use of data and serum forresearch purposes. Non-inclusion criteria included concomitant liverdiseases (the presence of HCV antibodies or HBs antigen,hemochromatosis, cholestatic disease, autoimmune disease), HIVantibodies and Immunosuppression, non-available serum, non-availablebiopsies and patients for whom biopsy and serum were collected more thanone month apart.

The analysis was performed on a first group (training group) andvalidated on 2 different groups (validation groups).

Training group patients were retrospectively included for this specificanalysis, but have been analyzed in previous validation studies ofFibrotest (Halfon P, et al. Comp Hepatol. 2002;1:3-7; Imbert-Bismut F,et al. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:323-33; Munteanu M, et al. Comp Hepatol2004;3:3). All were inpatients hospitalized in the intensive care unitof Hepato-Gastroenterology Department of Groupe HospitalierPitié-Salpêtrière for complications of alcoholic liver disease betweenSeptember 2000 and August 2004.

Validation group one patients (severe patients) were prospectivelyanalyzed from a cohort of patients who undergo a transvenous liverbiopsy and serum biomarkers the same day. All were inpatientshospitalized in the Hepatology Department of Hôpital Beaujon betweenJune 2002 and August 2004.

Validation group two patients (non severe patients) were retrospectivelyincluded for this specific analysis, but were prospectively included ina cohort of alcoholic patients (DOMIMAF cohort) for which one primaryendpoint was the identification of biochemical markers (Naveau S, et al.Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3(2); Poynard T, et al. J Hepatol.1999;30:1130-7). The details of this cohort has been recently publishedin a validation study of FibroTest (Naveau S, et al. Clin GastroenterolHepatol. 2005; 3(2)). All were inpatients hospitalized in theHepato-Gastroenterology Department of Hôpital Antoine Béclère forcomplications of alcoholic liver disease between January 1998 andDecember 2000.

In the training group, a total of 194 patients were pre-included (FIG.1). 124 were excluded for non-inclusion criteria (concomitant liverdiseases, HIV antibodies and Immunosuppression, non-available serum,non-available biopsies and patients whose biopsy and serum werecollected more than one month apart) and 70 patients were finallyincluded who were not different than the 124 non-included patients (datanot shown).

In validation group 1 (severe patients), a total of 684 patients werepre-included (FIG. 1). 6 were excluded for non-inclusion criteria and 62patients were finally included who were not different than the 6non-included patients (data not shown).

In validation group 2 (non severe patients), a total of 158 patientswere pre-included (FIG. 1). 99 were excluded for non-inclusion criteriaand 93 patients were finally included who were not different than the 99non-included patients (data not shown).

Patients' characteristics of the different groups are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Characteristics of included patients Training ValidationValidation Characteristics group group 1 group 2 Number of patients 7062 93 Age at biopsy (years) 54 (11) 54 (8) 47 (11) Male 58 (83%) 62(69%) 68 (73%) Female 12 (17%) 19 (31%) 25 (27%) Severe (Maddrey >= 32)31 (44%) 17 (27%) 5 (5%) Biopsy quality Duration between biopsy andserum (days) 4.5 (5.4) 0 (0) 6.5 (4.1) Lenght (mm) 13.5 (8.2) 9.3 (5.7)14.5 (6.7) Lenght >= 15 mm 22 (31%) 7 (11%) 39/85 (46%) Number offragments 5.4 (3.8) 3.1 (1.9) 1.8 (1.6) One fragment 9 (13%) 13 (21%)60/88 (68%) Alcoholic hepatitis features Necrosis and polynuclearneutrophils 42 (60%) 12 (19%) 22 (24%) Hepatocellular Necrosis 52 (74%)15 (25%) 50 (54%) Polynuclear neutrophils 43 (61%) 19 (31%) 29 (31%)Mallory bodies 50 (76%) 17 (27%) 26 (28%) Clarification 48 (69%) 19(31%) 36 (39%) Alcoholic hepatitis grade None (Score 0) 9 (13%) 30 (48%)28 (30%) Mild (Score 1-2) 17 (24%) 19 (31%) 38 (41%) Moderate (Score3-4) 20 (29%) 10 (16%) 10 (12%) Severe (Score 5-8) 24 (34%) 3 (5%) 17(17%) Other features Cirrhosis predicted by biopsy 57 (81%) 56 (90%) 23(25%) Cirrhosis predicted by FibroTest 54 (77%) 46 (74%) 29 (31%)Steatosis 62 (89%) 29 (47%) 89 (96%) Markers (normal range) AST IU/L(17-27 female; 20-32 male) 200 (381) 69 (55) 100 (97) ALT IU/L (11-26female; 16-35 male) 101 (230) 49 (77) 74 (87) Total bilirubin mol/L(1-21) 120 (120) 98 (124) 42 (90) GGT U/L (7-32 female; 11-49 male) 373(456) 154 (212) 308 (411) 2 macroglobulin g/L (female 1.6-4.0; male1.4-3.3) 1.9 (0.8) 2.1 (0.7) 2.0 (0.7) Apo A1 g/L (1.2-1.7) 0.72 (0.51)0.79 (0.45) 1.39 (0.56) Haptoglobin g/L (0.35-2.00)* 0.73 (0.68) 0.48(0.51) 1.25 (0.65) Maddrey Discriminant function 35.4 (30.0) 26.9 (20.1)9.8 (13.0) AST/ALT Ratio 2.3 (1.3) 2.0 (1.0) 1.7 (1.4) Data are mean(SD) or proportion. AST = aspartate aminotransferase. ALT = alanineaminotransferase. GGT = glutamyl transpeptidase. ApoA1 = apolipoproteina1.

1.2. Serum Markers

The 7 following markers were assessed in serum for the different groups:ApoA1, ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase),alpha.2-macroglobulin, GGT (gammaglutamyl transpeptidase), totalbilirubin, and haptoglobin.

These 7 biochemical markers include the 6 components of theFibroTest-ActiTest adjusted by age and gender (patented artificialintelligence algorithm U.S. Pat. No. 6,631,330) plus the AST marker.

FibroTest and ActiTest (Biopredictive, Paris, France; FibroSURE LabCorp,Burlington, N.C., USA) were determined as previously published (PoynardT, et al. Comp Hepatol. 2004;3:S; Myers R P, et al. J Hepatol.2003;39:222-30; Callewaert N, et al. Nature Med 2004;10;1-6; Naveau S,et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3(2); Imbert-Bismut F, et al.Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:323-33; Munteanu M, et al. Comp Hepatol2004;3:3).

The published recommended pre-analytical and analytical procedures wereused (Poynard T, et al. Comp Hepatol. 2004;3:8; Myers RP, et al. JHepatol. 2003;39:222-30; Callewaert N, et al. Nature Med 2004;10;1-6;Naveau S, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3(2); Imbert-BismutF, et al. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:323-33; Munteanu M, et al. CompHepatol 2004;3:3):

GGT, ALT, AST, and total bilirubin were measured by Hitachi 917 Analyzerand Roche Diagnostics reagents (both Mannheim, Germany).

Alpha2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein Al, and haptoglobin were measuredusing a Modular analyzer (BNII, Dade Behring; Marburg, Germany).

All coefficients of variation assays were lower than 10%.

1.3. Histological Staging and Grading

Liver biopsies were fixed, paraffin-embedded, and stained withhematoxylin-eosin-safran, and Masson's trichrome or picrosirius red forcollagen. A single pathologist per group, unaware of patientcharacteristics, analyzed the histological features using a previouslyvalidated scoring system (Bedossa P, et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.1988;12:173-8).

The main histological criterion was the presence of alcoholic hepatitis(ASH), defined by the presence of both polynuclear neutrophil infiltrateand hepatocellular necrosis (Mathurin P, et al. Gastroenterology.1996;110:1847-53; Bedossa P, et al. Alcohol Clin Exp Res.1988;12:173-8). The secondary end points were the detailed alcoholichepatitis features: necrosis, polymorphonuclear infiltrate, Mallorybodies and clarification, and a scoring system of ASH combining thedetailed alcoholic features. Each feature was scored from 0 to 2 with atotal score ranging from 0 to 8 with a four grades scoring system: 0=noASH, 1-2=mild, 3-4=moderate, 5-8=severe (Mathurin P, et al.Gastroenterology. 1996;110:1847-53; Bedossa P, et al. Alcohol Clin ExpRes. 1988;12:173-8).

Example 2 Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis used Fisher's exact test, the chi-square test,Student's t test, the Mann-Whitney test and variance analysis using theBonferroni all-pair wise and Tukey-Kramer multiple-comparison tests totake into account the multiple comparisons and multiple logisticregression for multivariate analysis. The analysis was performed on afirst group (training group) and validated on 2 different groups(validation groups 1 and 2), in cohorts of patients as in Table 1.

According to the ASH scoring system, patients were divided into severalgroups.

The primary outcome was the identification of patients with alcoholichepatitis (mild, moderate or severe).

In a secondary analysis, patients were classified according to thepresence of each elementary feature of alcoholic hepatitis and accordingto a 4 scale scoring system.

The first stage consisted of identifying factors which differedsignificantly between these groups by unidimensional analysis using thechi-square, Student t test or Mann-Whitney test.

The second stage consisted of logistic regression analysis to assess theindependent discriminative value of markers for the diagnosis offibrosis.

The third step was to construct an index combining these identifiedindependent factors. By definition the best index (“ASH-NASH score”) interm of discrimination was the logistic regression function combiningthe independent factors. As patients included in this study were allheavy alcohol consumers, the ASH-NASH score is further referred to as“AshTest score” in all the following examples. The AshTest score rangesfrom zero to 1.00, with higher scores indicating a greater probabilityof significant lesions.

The diagnostic values of these indexes and of the isolated factors wereassessed by sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictivevalues and areas under Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves.

The respective overall diagnostic values were compared by the area underthe ROC curves. The ROC curve is drawn by plotting the sensitivityversus (1-specificity), after classification of the patients, accordingto the value obtained for the logistic function, for differentthresholds (from 0 to 1). It is usually acknowledged that a ROC curvethe area under which has a value superior to 0.7 is a good predictivecurve for diagnosis. The ROC curve has to be acknowledged as a curveallowing to predict the quality of a diagnosis method.

Areas under ROC curves were calculated using empirical non-parametricmethods. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine theaccuracy of the markers for the primary outcomes according to biopsysample size. For all analyses, two-sided statistical tests were used; aP-value of 0.05 or less was considered significant. Number CruncherStatistical Systems 2003 software (NCSS, Kaysville, Utah) was used forall analyses.

These statistical analyses were performed separately for the differentgroups, as previously defined.

Example 3 Determination of the Logistic Function

The AshTest score is defined as the logistic regression functioncombining the independent factors that returns the best index in term ofdiscrimination between the presence or absence of ASH.

In Table 2 are given the characteristics of patients according to thepresence of alcoholic steato-hepatitis for each of the seven biochemicalmarkers, the AST/ALT ratio, the Maddrey function, the FibroTest score,the ActiTest score, and the AshTest score, as well as their independentassociation with fibrosis (P value).

TABLE 2 Characteristics of patients according to the presence ofalcoholic hepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis In the training group Alcoholichepatitis Alcoholic hepatitis No n = 28 In the Validation group 1 In theValidation group 2 Characteristic m (SD) Yes n = 42 P value No n = 50Yes n = 12 P value No n = 71 Yes n = 22 P value Demographics Age atbiopsy, years 53.9 (11.2) 53.4 (10.7) 0.66 55.2 (7.2)  47.8 (8.3)  0.00546.3 (10.2) 50.5 (11.5) 0.22 Male gender    25 (89%)    33 (79%) 0.24   35 (70%)     8 (67%) 0.82    54 (76%)    14 (64%) 0.25 Biochemicalmarkers α₂-macroglobulin, g/L 1.96 (0.80) 1.92 (0.82) 0.70 2.02 (0.68)2.19 (0.83) 0.03 1.84 (0.53) 2.48 (1.04) 0.009 ALT, IU/L 146 (353) 72(69) 0.74 48 (83) 52 (39) 0.19 79 (97) 64 (47) 0.87 AST, IU/L 206 (98) 196 (41)  0.007 55 (25) 128 (96)  0.0002  89 (100) 136 (75)  0.0003Apolipoprotein A1, g/L 1.14 (0.50) 0.43 (0.26) <0.0001 0.87 (0.42) 0.42(0.40) 0.002 1.56 (0.47) 0.85 (0.54) <0.0001 Haptoglobin, g/L 0.98(0.82) 0.56 (0.52) 0.03 0.41 (0.48) 0.75 (0.55) 0.03 1.32 (0.61) 1.04(0.75) 0.15 GGT, IU/L 351 (431) 388 (477) <0.0001 105 (101) 359 (383)0.007 215 (221) 609 (674) 0.0002 Total bilirubin, μmol/L 66.4 (93.4)155.7 (124.9) <0.0001 71.3 (75.3) 206.8 (208.7) 0.08 19.9 (17.6) 114.3(165.9) <0.0001 AST/ALT ratio 1.5 (0.8) 2.8 (1.4) <0.0001 1.8 (1.0) 2.6(0.9) 0.002 1.4 (1.1) 2.7 (1.9) 0.0003 Maddrey function 23.5 (26.9) 43.4(27.9) 0.0005 25.4 (19.6) 33.1 (22.1) 0.14 6.3 (6.3) 21.3 (20.7) <0.0001FibroTest 0.66 (0.31) 0.94 (0.08) <0.0001 0.82 (0.19) 0.88 (0.15) 0.090.40 (0.28) 0.80 (0.25) <0.0001 ActiTest 0.48 (0.30) 0.52 (0.24) 0.580.33 (0.22) 0.44 (0.25) 0.17 0.39 (0.24) 0.50 (0.22) 0.06 AshTest* 0.22(0.31) 0.78 (0.19) <0.0001 0.31 (0.28) 0.78 (0.24) <0.0001 0.09 (0.20)0.55 (0.37) <0.0001 All data are means (sd) and proportions (n [%]).ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT,γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase. AshTest combines in a multivariate regressionanalysis adjusted on gender and age: alanine and aspartateaminotransferases, alpha2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, haptoglobin,total bilirubin, and γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase.

Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) was found to be a marker differingsignificantly between patients with or without alcoholicsteato-hepatitis (Table 2). In particular, the serum concentration ofapo A1 was found to be highly inversely correlated with the presence ofPolymorphonuclear infiltration (FIG. 2), which had never been describedbefore.

Transaminase AST and the AST/ALT ratio were also found to be highlycorrelated with the presence or absence of alcoholic steato-hepatitis(Table 2). In the diagnosis of fibrosis, the AST and ALT markers hadbeen found highly correlated, and only ALT had been used. In contrast,both markers were used in the AshTest score. GGT was also found to becorrelated with the presence or absence of alcoholic steato-hepatitis inall patients groups, as well as total bilirubin in the training groupand in validation group 2 (Table 2).

Finally, some correlation was found between the concentration ofα2-macroglobulin and haptoglobin and the presence or absence ofalcoholic steato-hepatitis (Table 2). These markers were known to becorrelated with the presence of liver fibrosis, but had never beenassociated with the presence of ASH.

The value of the AshTest score, combining these 7 markers(alpha2-macroglobulin, ALT, AST, ApoA1, haptoglobin, GGT, and totalbilirubin), adjusted by age and gender, had a high correlation with thepresence or absence of alcoholic steato-hepatitis, on the trainingsample as well as on the validation samples (Table 2).

The AshTest score of 7 markers and age and gender was determined to beas follows:

f=1.38435−2.39829E−02.[Age(years)]+4.07571.[ApoA1(g/L)]−1.08306.Log[.alpha.2-macroglobulin (g/L)]+3.97299.Log[ALT(alanine aminotransferase)(IU/L)]−4.51309.Log[AST (aspartateaminotransferase)(IU/L )]+0.24014.Log[Total bilirubin(umol/l)]−0.85462.Log[GGT (gammaglutamyltranspeptidase)(IU/L)]−0.446383.Log[Haptoglobin (g/L)]+0.86471.[Gender(female=0, male=1)].

This function was obtained by combining the relative weight of eachparameter, as individually determined in the logistic regression, with anegative sign when the markers harbors a negative correlation with thestage of alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis. Logarithms wereused for markers whose values have a very large range.

Example 4

Analysis of the Data

4.1 Fiability of the AshTest score for the diagnosis of alcoholic or nonalcoholic steato-hepatitis.

Diagnostic values (areas under ROC curves) of the AshTest score for thedifferent patients groups are displayed in Table 3. Sensitivity,specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the AshTestscore with a cut-off of 0.50 are displayed in Table 4.

TABLE 3 Values [Area under the ROC curves (AUROCs)] of the AshTestscore, AST-ALT ratio and Maddrey discriminant function for the diagnosisof alcoholic hepatitis and its different components, in training andvalidation groups Alcoholic Polymorpho- Hepatitis Hepatocellular nuclearMallory Diagnostic panel M SE Necrosis infiltrate Bodies ClarificationTraining group AshTest 0.90 0.04* 0.68 0.08 0.87 0.05£ 0.75 0.07° 0.780.07$ AST/ALT 0.80 0.06 0.61 0.08 0.81 0.05 0.66 0.07 0.70 0.07 Maddrey0.75 0.07 0.66 0.07 0.74 0.07 0.54 0.09 0.70 0.08 Validation group 1AshTest 0.88 0.06** 0.79 0.07$$ 0.82 0.07££ 0.80 0.07°° 0.72 0.07AST/ALT 0.79 0.07 0.63 0.09 0.65 0.09 0.77 0.07 0.69 0.07 Maddrey 0.640.10 0.63 0.08 0.67 0.08 0.61 0.08 0.64 0.08 Validation group 2 AshTest0.89 0.04*** 0.64 0.06 0.87 0.04£££ 0.90 0.03°°° 0.74 0.06 AST/ALT 0.760.07 0.64 0.06 0.77 0.04 0.80 0.03 0.67 0.06 Maddrey 0.83 0.06 0.63 0.060.81 0.05 0.76 0.06 0.74 0.05 All groups AshTest 0.89 0.02**** 0.66 0.040.87 0.03££££ 0.85 0.03°°°° 0.76 0.03$$$ AST/ALT 0.78 0.03 0.60 0.040.76 0.03 0.76 0.03 0.69 0.04 Maddrey 0.78 0.03 0.60 0.04 0.78 0.03 0.720.03 0.71 0.04 Training: *P = 0.01 AshTest vs AST/ALT, and P = 0.01AshTest vs Maddrey £P = 0.05 AshTest vs Maddrey °P = 0.01 AshTest vsMaddrey $P = 0.05 between AshTest and AST/ALT Validation 1 **P = 0.001AshTest vs Maddrey; AshTest vs AST/ALT P = 0.01 ££P = 0.01 AshTest vsAST/ALT and P = 0.046 vs Maddrey $$P = 0.01 AshTest vs AST/ALT and P =0.04 vs Maddrey Validation 2 ***P = 0.02 AshTest vs AST/ALT £££P = 0.02AshTest vs AST/ALT and P = 0.046 AshTest vs Maddrey °°°P = 0.01 AshTestvs AST/ALT and P = 0.008 AshTest vs Maddrey All groups ****P < 0.001AshTest vs AST/ALT and P < 0.001 AshTest vs Maddrey ££££P < 0.001AshTest vs AST/ALT and P = 0.001 AshTest vs Maddrey °°°°P = 0.001AshTest vs AST/ALT and P < 0.001 AshTest vs Maddrey $$$P = 0.01 AshTestvs AST/ALT and P = 0.057 AshTest vs Maddrey There were no significantAUROCs differences (all P > 0.05) for the 3 biomarkers between groupsfor diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis and the presence of each component:hepatocellular necrosis, polymorphonuclear infiltrate, Mallory bodiesand clarification.

TABLE 4 Diagnostic value of the AshTest score for predicting AlcoholicHepatitis Negative Positive Predictive Cut-off Sensitivity SpecificityPredictive Value Value Training group Prevalence = 0.60 AshTest 0.5037/42 (0.88) 22/28 (0.79) 37/43 (0.86) 22/27 (0.82) Maddrey 32 24/42(0.77) 21/28 (0.57) 24/31 (0.77) 21/39 (0.54) AST/ALT 2.0 30/42 (0.71)19/28 (0.68) 30/39 (0.77) 19/31 (0.61) Validation group1 Prevalence =0.19 AshTest 0.50 11/12 (0.92) 36/50 (0.72) 11/25 (0.44) 36/37 (0.97)Maddrey 32  5/12 (0.42) 38/50 (0.76)  5/17 (0.29) 38/45 (0.84) AST/ALT2.0 10/12 (0.83) 31/50 (0.62) 10/29 (0.35) 31/33 (0.94) Validationgroup2 Prevalence = 0.24 AshTest 0.50 13/22 (0.59) 67/71 (0.94) 13/17(0.77) 67/76 (0.88) Maddrey 32  4/22 (0.18) 70/71 (0.99)  4/5 (0.80)70/88 (0.80) AST/ALT 2.0 13/22 (0.57) 60/71 (0.85) 13/24 (0.54) 60/69(0.87) All groups Prevalence = 0.34 AshTest 0.50 61/76 (0.72) 125/149(0.84)  61/85 (0.72) 125/140 (0.89)  Maddrey 32 33/76 (0.62) 129/149(0.87)  33/53 (0.62) 129/172 (0.75)  AST/ALT 2.0 53/76 (0.70) 109/149(0.73)  53/93 (0.57) 109/132 (0.83) 

All the results show that the AshTest score can reach very highdiagnostic values (area under the ROC curve, see Table 3), and highspecificity, sensitivity and positive or negative predictive values forthe diagnosis of alcoholic steato-hepatitis (see Table 4).

The diagnostic value (areas under ROC curves) of the AshTest score washighly reproducible between the training group and validation groups 1and 2 (Table 3). Sensitivity and specificity were also highlyreproducible between the training group and validation group 1, and onlyslightly less reproducible between the training group and validationgroup 2 (Table 4).

In alcoholic liver disease, there is no specific approved treatment forliver injury, except corticosteroids in severe alcoholicsteato-hepatitis. If a non-treatment decision without biopsy would havebeen taken according to an AshTest score <0.50, only 5 out of 42patients in training group (11.9%), 1 out of 12 patients in validationgroup 1 (8.3%), and 9 out of 21 patients in validation group 2 (42.8%),were false negative.

If a treatment decision without biopsy would have been taken accordingto an AshTest score >0.50, only 6 out of 28 patients in training group(21.4%), 14 out of 50 patients in validation group 1 (28.0%), and 4 outof 71 patients in validation group 2 (5.6%), were false positive.

In the training group, there were 11 cases with discordance betweendiagnosis of ASH predicted by AshTest and predicted by liver biopsy.Failure attributable to biopsy (false negative) was suspected in 4cases. All 4 cases had very small and fragmented biopsies rangingbetween 7 to 13 mm lengths and there was at least one feature ofalcoholic hepatitis: necrosis, clarification and Mallory bodies in onecase, polymorphonuclear infiltrate only in one case, clarification onlyin two cases. Two cases were indeterminate as small and fragmentedbiopsy but no sign of ASH. The 6 remaining cases were classified asfalse negative of AshTest (score ranging from 0.31 to 0.44).

In validation group 1, there were 15 cases with discordance betweendiagnosis of ASH predicted by AshTest and predicted by liver biopsy.Failure attributable to biopsy (false negative) was suspected in 9 caseswith very small biopsies ranging between 2 to 12 nun, and from 1 to 6fragments, and at least one feature of alcoholic hepatitis: bothnecrosis and Mallory bodies in two cases, clarification and Mallorybodies in one case, polymorphonuclear infiltrate and clarification inone case, polymorphonuclear infiltrate only in four cases andclarification only in one case. Five cases were indeterminate with smalland fragmented biopsy but no sign of ASH. The remaining case wasclassified as false negative of AshTest (score 0.10).

In validation group 2, there were 13 cases with discordance betweendiagnosis of ASH predicted by AshTest and predicted by liver biopsy.Failure attributable to biopsy (false negative) was suspected in twocases with 7 and 14 mm biopsy length, one with polymorphonuclearinfiltrate Mallory bodies and clarification, and one with apolymorphonuclear infiltrate only. Two cases were indeterminate withsmall and fragmented biopsy but no sign of ASH. The remaining 9 caseswere classified as false negative of AshTest (score ranging from 0.00 to0.43).

No high-risk profile of false positive or false negative of biomarkerswas observed among all included patients. Analysis of these resultsallows the conclusion that the number of biopsy could be reduced by 80%in the management of alcoholic steato-hepatitis.

The relationship between the AshTest score and the grade of alcoholicsteato-hepatitis disease was also assessed in the different patientsgroups (FIG. 3). In all groups, the value of the AshTest score allowedto discriminate at least between no or mild alcoholic steato-hepatitisand moderate or severe alcoholic steato-hepatitis.

The ability of the AshTest score to detect different types of alcoholicsteato-hepatitis lesions (hepatocellular necrosis, polymorphonuclearinfiltrate, Mallory bodies, clarification) was also investigated.Results are displayed for the different patients groups in Table 3 andFIG. 4 and show that most of these distinct ASH lesions are readilydetected by the AshTest score.

Compared to the invasive and costly biopsy diagnosis, it is veryimportant to notice that the method of the invention does not lead to alarge number of undue treatments of patients or to the exclusion ofpatients in need of a treatment. The data presented in this applicationdoes strengthen the reliability of the method of diagnosis according tothe present invention.

4.2 Comparison of the AshTest Score with Other Non Invasive DiagnosisTests (Maddrey Discriminant Curve and AST/ALT Ratio)

The results obtained with the AshTest score (using 7 biochemicalparameters with age and gender) were compared to those obtained with theAST/ALT ratio or the Maddrey discriminant function alone. These testsmay be used for the non invasive diagnosis of ASH (for furtherdescription, see Maher J J. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2002;13:31-9;Mathurin P, et al. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:1847-53; Mathurin P, etal. J Hepatol. 2002;36:480-7; which are herein incorporated byrefernce).

The characteristics of patients according to the presence of alcoholicsteato-hepatitis for individual biochemical markers, the AST/ALT ratio,the Maddrey function, the FibroTest, the ActiTest, or the AshTest scoreare displayed in Table 2.

Compared with the FibroTest, the score of the AshTest score allows abetter discrimination between the presence or absence of alcoholicsteato-hepatitis, in particular for validation group 1 (Table 2).

Diagnostic values (areas under ROC curves) of the AshTest score, theAST/ALT ratio alone or the Maddrey discriminant function are displayedin Table 3. For the main endpoint, the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis(necrosis and polymorphonuclear infiltrate), the AshTest score hassignificantly higher areas under ROC curves: [0.90 (SE=0.04) in traininggroup, 0.88 (0.06) in validation group 1, 0.89 (0.04) in validationgroup 2] than Maddrey discriminate function [0.75 (SE=0.07) in traininggroup, 0.64 (0.10) in validation group 1, 0.83 (0.06) in validationgroup 2] and AST/ALT ratio [0.80 (SE=0.06) in training group, 0.79(0.07) in validation group 1, 0.76 (0.07) in validation group 2] (allP<0.02, see Table 3).

Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values ofthe AshTest score with a cut-off of 0.50, the AST/ALT ratio with acut-off of 2.0, or the Maddrey discriminant function with a cut-off of32, are displayed in Table 4. An AshTest score with a cut-off of 0.50has similar excellent diagnostic values in training group and validationgroup 1: 88% and 92% sensitivity and 79% and 72% specificity,respectively higher than Maddrey discriminant function and AST/ALTratio. For validation group 2, specificity of the AshTest score with acut-off of 0.50 is also excellent, although not better than that ofMaddrey discriminant function with a cut-off of 32 (94% and 99%respectively), and sensitivity of the AshTest score with a cut-off of0.50 is at least as good as that of Maddrey discriminant function with acut-off of 32 or the AST/ALT ratio with a cut-off of 2.0 (0.59; 0.18 and0.57 respectively).

Moreover, FIG. 3 shows that the discrimination between alcoholicsteato-hepatitis different grades (none, mild, moderate and severe) isbest achieved by the AshTest score, compared to Maddrey discriminantfunction and AST/ALT ratio.

Finally, the higher areas under ROC curves of the AshTest score comparedto Maddrey discriminant function and AST/ALT ratio are true non only forthe major diagnosis of alcoholic steato-hepatitis, but also for each ofthe different lesions (hepatocellular necrosis, polymorphonuclearinfiltrate, Mallory bodies, and clarification) observable in alcoholicsteato-hepatitis (Table 2 and FIG. 4).

The higher diagnostic value of the AshTest score compared to Maddreydiscriminant function and AST/ALT ratio may, at least partly, be due tothe use of the ApoA1 marker, which is herein for the first timedescribed as highly inversely correlated with the presence ofPolymorphonuclear infiltration.

In conclusion, the present invention presents a combination of at least3, preferably 7, biochemical markers, adjusted by age and gender, to beused for the detection of the presence or absence of alcoholic ornon-alcoholic steato-hepatitis. The markers used in the presentinvention had never been combined in such a way, in particular with theage and gender of the patients, to give such a good predictive value, asillustrated by the area under the ROC curve.

The diagnosis method of the invention can be analyzed automatically,after an automatic measurement of the values of the markers, and canadvantageously be applied for patients with chronic alcoholism to reducethe indication of liver biopsy.

1. An in vitro method for diagnosis of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis or from a serum or plasma sample of a patient,comprising the steps of: a) studying 3 biochemical markers by measuringthe values of their concentration in the serum or plasma of saidpatient, wherein said markers are: ApoA1 (apolipoprotein A1), ALT(alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase). b)combining said values through a logistic function including said markersin order to obtain an end value, wherein said logistic function isobtained through the following method: i) classification of a cohort ofpatients in different groups according to the extent of their disease;ii) identification of factors which differ significantly between thesegroups by unidimensional analysis; iii) logistic regression analysis toassess the independent discriminative value of markers for the diagnosisof alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis; iv) construction of thelogistic function by combination of these identified independentfactors.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said logistic functionfurther takes the age and gender of the patient into account.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein said logistic function further comprises atleast one biochemical marker chosen in the group constituted ofalpha.2-macroglobulin, GGT (gammaglutamyl transpeptidase), totalbilirubin, and haptoglobin.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein saidlogistic function comprises all listed biochemical markers.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, wherein said logistic function is:f=a1−a2.[Age(years)]+a3.[ApoA1 (g/L)]−a4.Log[.alpha.2-macroglobulin(g/L)]+a5.Log[ALT (alanine aminotransferase)(IU/L)]−a6.Log[AST(aspartate aminotransferase)(IU/L )]+a7.Log[Total bilirubin(μmol/l)]−a8.Log[GGT (gammaglutamyltranspeptidase)(IU/L)]−a9.Log[Haptoglobin (g/L)]+a10.[Gender (female=0,male=1)], with a1 comprised in the interval of [1.38435−90%;1.38435+90%], a2 comprised in the interval of [2.39829E−02−90%;2.39829E−02+90%], a3 comprised in the interval of [4.07571−90%;4.07571+90%], a4 comprised in the interval of [1.08306−90%;1.08306+90%], a5 comprised in the interval of [3.97299−90%;3.97299+90%], a6 comprised in the interval of [4.51309−90%;4.51309+90%], a7 comprised in the interval of [0.24014−90%;0.24014+90%], a8 comprised in the interval of [0.85462−90%;0.85462+90%], a9 comprised in the interval of [0.44638−90%;0.44638+90%], and a10 comprised in the interval of [0.86471−90%;0.86471+90%].
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein said logistic functionis: f=1.38435−2.39829E−02.[Age (years)]+4.07571.[ApoA1(g/L)]−1.08306.Log[.alpha.2-macroglobulin (g/L)]+3.97299.Log[ALT(alanine aminotransferase)(IU/L)]−4.51309.Log[AST (aspartateaminotransferase)(IU/L)]+0.24014.Log[Total bilirubin(μmol/l)]−0.85462.Log[GGT (gammaglutamyltranspeptidase)(IU/L)]−0.446383.Log[Haptoglobin (g/L)]+0.86471.[Gender(female=0, male=1)].
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said patientsuffers from a disease involving alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said disease isincluded in the group consisting of hepatitis B and C, alcoholism,hemochromatosis, metabolic disease, diabetes, obesity, autoimmune liverdisease, primary biliary cirrhosis, alpha.1-antitrypsin deficit andWilson disease.
 9. The method of claims 1, wherein said patient wasalready subjected to a diagnosis test of liver fibrosis and/or presenceof liver necroinflammatory lesions.
 10. The method of claim 9, whereinsaid diagnosis test was FibroTest/Acti-Test.
 11. A kit for diagnosis ofalcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in a patient comprising: a)instructions for determining the presence or absence of alcoholic ornon-alcoholic steato-hepatitis in said patient; b) reagents formeasuring the serum values of the concentrations of 3 biochemicalmarkers, wherein said markers are: ApoA1 (apolipoprotein A1), ALT(alanine aminotransferase), and AST (aspartate aminotransferase). c)optionally, at least one reagent for measuring the serum values of theconcentrations of alpha.2-macro globulin, GGT (gammaglutamyltranspeptidase), total bilirubin, and/or haptoglobin. d) instructionsfor using a logistic function that is used to combine said values inorder to obtain an end value, wherein analysis of said end valuedetermines the presence or absence of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis in said patient.
 12. The kit of claim 11, furthercomprising an ROC curve.
 13. The kit of claim 11, further comprisingtables that allow to obtain the predictive values, depending on theexpected prevalence of alcoholic or non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis inthe patient population.
 14. The kit of claim 11, further comprisinginstructions for the quantification of alcoholic or non-alcoholicsteato-hepatitis different grades (none, mild, moderate, or severe), andother intermediate grades.